Fake news between traditional and digital media:

      Within the framework of the research interest in the phenomenon of fake news, a number of studies have dealt with the context in which fake news operates (such as the social, cultural and historical system, as well as the political system, as well as the nature of events, such as elections or public discussion of issues). There is another research aspect that focuses on a series of critical studies. To reach beyond the limitations of the current situation of the prevailing model in communication research through the quantitative school research, and to enter within the qualitative critical research direction to develop programs in the field of media literacy; That is one of the areas in which fake news studies can excel. Some studies and research are already researching literacy programs in the face of fake news in the digital environment (McGrew, et al., 2017). The current study reviewed the results of (110 studies) that dealt with the phenomenon of fake news through the media, its concept, history and development, and its results were that the fake news phenomenon was not a new phenomenon, but what helped its emergence was the 2016 US presidential elections. Countries and governments are moving towards recruiting electronic armies to maintain the cyber security of societies through programs and algorithms of artificial intelligence to limit the spread of fake news. Studies have linked satirical material with the spread of fake news, considering it a powerful engine for destabilizing societies. The studies focused on the necessity of media education and critical thinking skills for the public as an effective tool in refuting false news. Studies revealed political and legal interventions of some countries and governments in limiting the spread of fake news. Studies have also monitored the various effects of the fake news phenomenon, focusing on the psychological side of the audience in light of successive incorrect news confusions. The studies focused on social media as a powerful driver in the ease and immediate spread of fake news.